I should like to start by expressing my deep appreciation to Prime Minister Göran Persson and to the Swedish government for taking this important initiative in addressing the question of genocide—a particularly devastating form of mass murder that continues to haunt humanity to this very day.

Although many countries in the world today have the good fortune of being governed by democratic and pluralistic political regimes that respect the basic rights of human life and freedom, to this very day the outbreak of mass killings based on hatred, revenge, territorial expansion, greed or just plain convenience remains a fact of life on our planet.

That is why it is so important to educate the public everywhere in the world, through such forums as this one, with the initiatives that will arise out of its proceedings, to educate human beings the world over about what genocide is, about the various forms which it can take, about the devastating consequences that result from it, and to propose and develop mechanisms on an international scale, mechanisms of intervention what will ensure that it will not continue occuring in the future.

Current, recent and not-so-recent examples of history indicate compellingly that genocide occurs in places where dehumanisation and extremism have been practiced and encouraged by the authorities in power. Extremism is typically based on national, ethnic, linguistic, racial, ideological or religious grounds, on social class differences, or on various combinations of the above.

Extremism starts out by the basic ploy of categorizing human beings into two opposing camps: “us” and “them.” Dehumanization of course is the extreme form of it: “We are human, and they are not.” The excuse for this is to claim that we are the victims who have been unfairly wronged: disappointed, hampered, oppressed, threatened and they—the ones on the other side—are the ones who are responsible for all our wrongs. But instead of trying to right any wrongs and working out any differences, the solution is simply to eliminate one’s opponents. Scapegoating then becomes a first step in this process. The solution, once you have found the scapegoat, is to eliminate them. In the immortal words of Joseph Stalin: “You have a person, you have a problem. You take away the person, you take away the problem.” It doesn’t matter if they are young or old, or it doesn’t matter whether entire nations, tribes or populations are involved. If you have a group and you have a problem, destroying the group becomes a way of eliminating the supposed problem.

Less than a decade ago, in Kosovo, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and in other parts of the former Yugoslavia (and that’s right here on the continent of Europe) hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians were murdered solely because they happened to be born into the supposedly “wrong” ethnic or religious group. Similarly in Rwanda in 1994, an estimated 800,000 people perished in large-scale massacres.

One of the most blatantly cynical examples of mass dehumanisation and genocide took place on this continent during the Second World War. The racist ideology and extreme xenophobia of the Nazi German Reich culminated in the mass murders of the Holocaust, leading to the near annihilation of the Jewish and Roma communities in many countries, including my own.

Between 1940 and 1991, my country, Latvia, and her Baltic neighbours have experienced an unprecedented loss of human life under the Nazi and Soviet Russian occupations. During Stalin’s reign of terror, tens of thousands of Latvians as well as hundreds of thousands and millions of other nationalities were repressed, imprisoned, deported and allowed to die a slow and painful death in forced labour camps in Siberia. Genocide can happen through many forms of execution. It can be executed by means of a gun, a knife or a machete, it can take place in a gas chamber, but it can also be brought about through a slow death on a Siberian plain from hunger, from cold and the exhaustion of forced labour. The result is the same: death on a massive, genocided scale.

Latvia believes that the implementation of the U.N. Convention on Genocide, which requires those countries that signed it to intervene in cases of genocide, should be far more vigorous than it has been to date. We must not and we cannot sit back passively when crimes against humanity are committed. In Kosovo, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and in Rwanda, the international community did far too little, and far too late. Similarly, in preceding decades, it stood idly by while the Soviet regime killed hundreds and thousands and millions of Eastern and Central Europeans as well as so many their own people. The international community responded far too late to the threat of an increasingly belligerent and xenophobic Nazi regime.

We simply must find ways for the international community to react faster and more effectively in the future. There are a number of ways in which this can be done. I hope that this conference will truly succeed in finding practical ways in which we can intervene effectively in the future. Latvia stands ready to participate. Latvia stands ready to do what it can. Latvia supported the resolution on anti-Semitism proposed by Ireland at the U.N. General Assembly in September 2003. Latvia has assigned one of its most respected judges to sit on the International Court in the Hague. Latvia stands ready to do more if required.

Latvia also fully supports the initiative by deputies of the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly, which foresees the establishment of an international commission that would objectively investigate the wrongdoings committed by communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. Without a clear understanding and unequivocal condemnation of such crimes, Europe risks remaining to be burdened by its history. There is no room for racism, intolerance, discrimination and xenophobia in the Europe of today and of tomorrow. Only by remaining vigilant and principled in its stand against these social ills can Europe become truly democratic, prosperous, stable and secure.

We need to educate our future generations, so that they can learn to espouse the values of tolerance, of compassion, of mutual respect. We need to build a Europe that is united in its diversity, we need to build a world that is united in its humanity. We must find ways of making people understand that the deliberate killing of any human being is an attack on humanity as whole, that the disparition of any group on earth is an irreversible loss to humanity as a whole. It is a loss not just to the people concerned, it is a loss to as all. Genocide is a crime, genocide is a failure of civilization. We cannot stand idly by while genocide is being committed. We cannot turn our backs on it, nor is it enough to stand there and wring our hands about it. We must find ways of putting an end to it. We must find ways of intervening, and intervening effectively, wherever and whenever it happens on this earth.

Es sveicu visus, kas šodien ir pulcējušies Latvijas Republikas Neatkarības pasludināšanas 84.gadadienā. Šis laiks mums nāk ar rudens lietavām un vētrām, ar ziemas tumsu, kad dienas paliek arvien īsākas un šķiet, ka tumsa ņem uzvar pār gaismu. Bet latviešu tautai tie ir prieka un gaismas svētki, jo atgādina par to, ka par spīti tumsas spēku uzbrukumiem, pārspēkam, mēs spējām savu neatkarību izcīnīt. Un spējām arī to atjaunot, kaut arī pagājis bija tik ļoti ilgs laiks svešā kalpībā un okupācijā. Mūsu sapņi ir piepildījušies, bet ne visi. Mums daudz kas vēl jādara, lai tie piepildītos.

Šoruden aprit arī astoņdesmitā gadskārta Valsts prezidenta institūcijai. Prezidents – tas ir neatkarīgas valsts autoritātes simbols, un to saprot pat bērni. Pakļautām zemēm var būt gubernatori, vietvalži, satrapi, vasaļi, padotie, pārvaldītāji; prezidents ir tikai suverēnai, neatkarīgai valstij.

Mēs kā neatkarīga valsts patlaban stāvam vēsturisku pārmaiņu priekšā. Šo pašu rudeni, pēc dažām dienām, nāks paziņojums Prāgas galotņu konferencē par NATO paplašināšanos, un mēs ceram, ka tas būs mums labvēlīgs. Drīz vien, decembra nogalē, gaidām citu paziņojumu, un tas būs Eiropas Savienības paziņojums par 10 jaunu dalībvalstu uzņemšanu. Mēs ceram būt šo valstu starpā. Latvija ir nostaigājusi ļoti garu un ļoti grūtu ceļu. Mēs esam apbrīnojami daudz ko sasnieguši. Paši bieži vien pat neapzināmies, cik daudz ir sasniegts, cik daudz jau ir paveikts. To ir novērtējušas citas valstis. To ir novērtējuši tie, kam rūp vai ES, vai NATO kā alianse –  vai drīkst uzņemt tādu valsti kā Latviju, vai tā neapdraudēs viņu drošību, vai tā nevājinās viņu spēku. Un tas, ka šīs starpnacionālās savienības ir gatavas mūs uzņemt, un es esmu pārliecināta, ka viņas tādas būs, jau ir apliecinājums mūsu noietam un nostaigātam ceļam, tas ir apliecinājums tam, ko mēs esam jau paveikuši.

Bet, protams, ar uzaicinājumu mūsu ceļš nebūt nebūs vēl galā, mums būs daudz kas vēl jādara un jāturpina pūlēties un daži saka, pēc uzaicināšanas gan NATO, gan ES daudz kas būs jādara vēl spraigāk un vēl enerģiskāk, nekā tas ir darīts līdz šim. Un tā ir labi, jo galu galā mēs vēlamies panākt visu to, kas pusgadsimta laikā ir aizkavēts, mēs vēlamies salabot un sakārtot visu to, kas valsts pārvaldes institūcijās, kas sabiedriskā kārtībā vēl nav tāds, kādu mēs to vēlētos redzēt. Mums daudz vēl ir darāms, lai Latvijā valdītu taisnīga tiesa un viens likums visiem. Mums daudz vēl ir darāms, lai valsts kasē ieplūstu visi tie līdzekļu, kuriem tur būtu jānonāk pēc likuma gara un burta. Mums daudz vēl ir darāms, lai katrs sabiedrības loceklis justos kā daļa no Latvijas valsts un saprastu, ka viņa nākotne un viņa labklājība ir atkarīga no kopības labuma, no kopības labklājības, ka neviens nevar dzīvot atšķirts no citiem, ja citiem ir grūti, tad neviens nevar cerēt turpināt savu personīgo labklājību. Man šķiet, ka mūsu valstī lēnām nostiprinās šī izpratne par to, ka valstij jāvalda pārticībai visos tās līmeņos un tām ļaužu grupām, kas nespēj pašas sev nodrošināt iztiku, par tām ir jārūpējas valstiskā līmenī, mums ir jāgādā par slimiem, par invalīdiem, par pensionāriem, mums ir jāgādā par to, lai katrs amats un katra profesija varētu saņemt sev pienācīgu algu, tādu, kas būtu taisnīga, kādu viņi būtu pelnījuši pēc iegūtās izglītības un ieguldītām spējām. Mums ir daudz kas vēl darāms, un it sevišķi mūsu ciemos un mazpilsētās, Latvijas laukos. Daži sūdzas – Rīga ir kļuvusi grezna, Rīga jau ir gluži kā citas Eiropas valsts galvaspilsētas, bet kā ir ar mūsu laukiem?

Jā, tur daudz kas vēl darāms, un es ceru, ka visi tautieši, vienalga, kurā pasaules malā kur viņi dzīvotu, šeit varētu nākt palīgā. Vai tas būtu turpināts atbalsts, kā daudzi to ir snieguši savas dzimtās puses skolai vai slimnīcai, vai pagastam, vai tas būtu, aicinot cittautiešus sadarboties ar mūsu pašvaldībām, vai arī savā profesijā, daloties ar savu pieredzi un izpratni par problēmu būtību. Tas viss var palīdzēt Latvijai, un es vēlos vēlreiz pateikties visiem tautiešiem, kas ar savu personīgo ieguldījumu ir palīdzējuši saviem tautas brāļiem Latvijā, vai kā nevalstiskas organizācijas ir sadarbojušās ar savām atbilstošām organizācijām šeit Latvijā, un es zinu, ir veikušas ļoti lielu un svētīgu darbu. Es novēlu visiem tiem, kam Latvija ir mīļa, paturēt viņu savās sirdīs un lūgšanās. Es novēlu katram meklēt ceļus, kā viņš var uzturēt savas saites ar Latviju. Jūs visi piederat Latvijai, bet savā ziņā arī Latvija Jums pieder. Es aicinu visus nākt mums talkā, lai mēs celtu šo valsti par diženu, par cēlu, par tādu, kādu mēs vēlētos to redzēt. Dievs, svētī Latviju!

It is a great pleasure and an honour to be here in Goteborg, among such a diverse group of distinguished Zonta delegates from 69 different countries. I thank President Magee and the Swedish chapter of Zonta International for the opportunity to address this convention. I hope that this important event will serve both to raise public awareness about women’s issues, and to induce concrete action for strengthening the role of women in societies across the world.

The participation of Zonta members from the three Baltic States, including Latvia, at this convention in Goteborg is a welcome testimony to the increasingly active role that women from the formerly captive nations of Central and Eastern Europe are now playing in international organizations. Four years ago, at the Zonta convention in Paris, the Latvian flag was flown for the first time in the organization’s history. And although the first Latvian Zonta chapter will celebrate only its tenth anniversary next year, I am proud that it has already acquired the capacity to act as a co-organizer of the event here in Goteborg. That is why the logo of this convention bears the blue and yellow colours of the Swedish flag, along with the carmine and white colours of the Latvian flag. The experience that Zonta’s newest organizers will gain from this event is just one of the benefits that this established organization—already more than 80 years old—can provide to its newer members.

International non-governmental organizations such as Zonta have had an important role to play in making the Baltic countries better known in the world. In that, they have provided a welcome complement to the recognition that our star athletes, artists, musicians, writers and scientists have managed to achieve. Zonta projects in Latvia have benefited hundreds of women and children, including orphans, as well as old age pensioners.

Within the framework of its particular emphasis on children and on women’s education, the Zonta scholarships available to Baltic students and scientists represent a valuable contribution. The Amelia Earhart Scholarship Fund for women scientists in aerospace and engineering, and the Jane M. Klausman scholarship for women students in business and business management are a fine example of encouragement for women to take up careers in the widest possible range of professions.

We are proud of the fact that during the short time that Latvian women have been active in the Zonta movement, two high school students, Dagnija Lībane and Laura Plūmiņa, have received the Young Women in Public Affairs Award. For Laura this convention is an event of special significance, as she will be addressing the participants here in Goteborg on Wednesday, July 3rd. Congratulations, Laura, and all other high school students present.

Ladies and gentlemen, the issue of women’s rights is and remains on the international agenda for the simple reason that in nearly every country on this planet women are still subjected to varying degrees and forms of discrimination. In general, those countries with the least democratic political systems and the most authoritarian forms of government are evidencing the most widespread abuse of human rights and the highest degree of discrimination against women.

In any society, the cultural and social mores regarding the role and status of the sexes, including ingrained prejudices, are culturally determined and transmitted to each succeeding generation through the process of social acculturation. The good news about this is that anything that has been learned can also be unlearned and relearned in a different way. That is why, in many parts of the world, the general attitude towards the role of women in society has been changing, and doing so in the direction of greater equality. In many countries, women’s right to vote and their right to stand for election to public office have become so self-evident that they are taken for granted. Yet nearly a century ago, women were denied these rights nearly everywhere on the planet.

Latvia and Estonia, upon declaring their independence from Russia in 1918, were among the first nations in Europe to accord women both the right to vote and the right to stand for election. Only four other European countries—Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland—had preceded Latvia and Estonia in adopting these progressive measures in the processes of democracy. The last three European nations to lift voting restrictions on women were Switzerland, in 1971, Portugal, in 1976, and Liechtenstein, in 1984.

Today, in the year 2002, such countries as Kuwait—which does not accord women either the right to vote or the right to stand for office—have fortunately become the exception, rather than the rule. While the status of women in many parts of the world has experienced a marked improvement over the past century, this progress has not been uniform and equal across the board. A country may have made strides in one area, yet lag in several others.

In my own country of Latvia, there are many domains of social activity in which women have achieved complete equality. I have already mentioned the right to vote and to stand for office. Latvia now has the first woman head of state in the history of Eastern and Central Europe. The very fact that a woman has been democratically elected as president of one of the three Baltic countries demonstrates, I believe, the high standards our democracies have managed to reach since the recovery of independence in 1991.

Despite the fact that Latvia had to rebuild its economy from the ground up after regaining its statehood, it has become a dynamically developing Northern European nation. A high proportion of women has been represented in a number of professional fields such as medicine, dentistry, law, science and engineering. The number of university students in the country has tripled during the past decade, and over 60 percent of them are women. The proportion of women university graduates reached 63 percent last year, and women are represented in practically all fields of doctoral studies.

However, despite these encouraging developments, Latvia’s women still have a way to go before they become fully equal players in the political, economic and educational decision-making processes of the country. Only two of Latvia’s 15 Cabinet ministers and 21 of its 100 parliamentary deputies are women. In the academic sphere, only 40 of the country’s 300 professors are women, and only 13 percent of the full members of the Latvian Academy of Science are women.

Zonta could prove of valuable assistance in this regard by supporting the internships of Latvian female doctoral students abroad, in partnership with Latvian universities. And Zonta’s academicians could provide significant moral support to Latvia’s aspiring women scientists, by providing them with advice, involving them in international projects, and supporting the publication of their writings in scientific journals.

Ladies and gentlemen, this discrepancy between the proportion of women students and women leaders in many societies is connected in part with the issue of child bearing and child rearing in relation to women’s professional development. Over the ages, the capacity to bear children, which distinguishes women from men, has often served to the great disadvantage of the former in nearly every country on this planet. This function of biological reproduction, which is of vital importance for the continued existence of the human race, compels every childbearing woman to invest a considerable amount of time and energy into child rearing. In addition, women still assume a disproportionate amount of their families’ domestic duties, which include cooking, housecleaning, and doing the laundry. These, as it happens, are not biologically determined.

We face the challenge in the modern world of redefining our image as women, of breaching age-old stereotypes and freely combining useful elements not just from the past and the present, but also from roles or character traits that traditionally have been rigidly separated into masculine and feminine. Some social scientists call this the new androgyny. I would prefer to call it a creative redefinition of what it means to be a human being who happens to be of the female sex.

Girls should not be brought up to fit into narrowly confined sexual, procreational and nurturing roles, but encouraged from their earliest childhood to develop all of their talents and follow their interests, wherever these might lead them. The stereotype that women are not fit for positions of authority is one of the deepest and most resistant to change. Women can help to break it by accepting responsibility whenever it is offered to them and showing by their success that they are able to handle it. Each woman’s success then becomes an encouragement to others, be it in leading a small business or a large enterprise, a municipality or a country.

But success in fields heretofore considered as exclusively masculine should not mean that women have to renounce their femininity or repress their feminine instincts. Girls should be girls and women should be women. They should be neither imitations nor caricatures of men. There are some professions, such as acting, singing and modelling, where clearly a woman’s sexuality and good looks may be a professional asset and even lead to fame and fortune—but only for a very few. Becoming the pampered, decorative wife of a well-to-do husband is also the dream of many a woman, and for a certain number of them it does become a real option. There are other professions where the exploitation of sexuality can lead to the gross exploitation of individuals and endanger their dignity as human beings. These, of course, are prostitution and pornography, which too many girls enter into with the illusion of having an easy life by simply exploiting their physical attributes. Our educational programmes should be designed in such a way that girls, even those from disadvantaged families, even those who are intellectually not the brightest, are protected from making choices that are likely to be harmful to their physical and mental health.

In the Western world, prostitution and pornography (both legal and illegal) are very big business, with links to organised crime, even in those countries where they have been legalised. In the former Communist countries, prostitution used to be strictly controlled by the secret services, and women were used either for rewarding party faithfuls or for serving as agents.

Since the collapse of Communism and the fall of the Iron Curtain, the income disparity between the Western and post-communist countries has created a massive influx of women and minors into prostitution, both voluntarily (on the basis of poverty) and involuntarily through coercion, fraud and brute force.

The large demand for such services by clients in the richer Western countries has thus generated a supply from their poorer neighbours, and resulted in the illicit traffic of human flesh controlled by international crime rings. This has become a serious social problem that requires a concerted international effort in order to be contained. It also requires control measures that would target not just the supply side of the problem, but the demand side as well.

Influential nongovernmental organizations such as Zonta International, which seek to promote justice and universal respect for human rights, have an important educational role to play in this regard. Considerable educational effort is required at every level, with the state at one end and the family at the other. Young girls must be taught that their biological destiny as child-bearers, or that their attractiveness as sex objects need not exclude them from achievements in business, science, politics or the arts.

I hope that women everywhere in Europe and in the world will increasingly explore and enter roles that traditionally have been the exclusive domain of their male counterparts. I am convinced that women will find fulfilment and satisfaction in doing so, and that through their activities, women will contribute even more to the overall wealth of their countries and to the benefit of the societies in which they live.

We must achieve an equilibrium in our societies, and avoid the extremes that we witnessed under the Taliban in Afghanistan, where women were deprived of the most elementary rights and freedoms. We must also avoid the other extreme—the stereotype of the Superwoman as she is sometimes represented in the American popular media, a woman who is supposed to be everything to everybody and do it all at the same time. Superwoman is an impossible example to follow, and women should not be made to feel guilty if their aim in life is to be nothing more—but also nothing less—than an ordinary human being!

To the Zonta sisterhood, and to all women everywhere I would say this: Let us rejoice in our womanhood. Let us continue our efforts to ensure that equal opportunities and equal rights are accorded to human beings of both sexes, wherever they might be born. Let us continue to work for the good of our families, our communities, our countries, and our planet. And to you who are here in Goteborg—do have a splendid convention.